Signature Wellman Health Check

The UK's Most Advanced Male Health Check

Available in Marylebone, Soho & Liverpool Street London

Our Signature range is the UK’s most advanced health check for males with over 200 data points including cancer markers. Repeat testing after 6 month is included meaning that you will get testing twice a year ensuring that you can be proactive about your health and detect any issues potentially years in advance.

You will get up to 90 minutes with a fully GMC registered doctor during your consultation to discuss any concerns you have in depth. Additionally they will discuss your results in detail when they are ready and create a 6 month health plan moving forward along with next steps which can include private or NHS referral if necessary.

Your health check will be fully personalised and our doctors will carry out a range of relevant examinations based on the information you provide. In addition to a blood test your will also have full body biometric analysis, lung function testing, full 12-lead ECG heart tracing and cardiologist report, urinalysis & qFIT testing. A personal account manager will also reach out to you after purchase to guide you every step of the way.

Customise with over 50 add on tests at checkout
Consultant Cardiologist ECG report Included
Free prescription arrangement
Private & NHS referral pathway
Free fit note if required

At a Glance

200+

Data Points

8

Non Blood Tests & Examinations

Includes 6 Month Repeat Testing

Doctors Report & Consultation Included

Signature Wellman Health Check

£749

Pay in 4 interest free instalments of £187.25

One-off purchase or subscribe every 3, 6 or 12 months

Give someone the gift of health. Once purchased we will send an electronic PDF Voucher which you can print out or email. The recipient can then use the voucher code when they book their appointment.

Need Help ? Speak to one of our team

Call 0800 098 2595

Live Chat

Whatsapp +447400202799

Prevention is The Best Medicine.

Our signature range is designed to be able to detect disease in all body systems years in advance. With 6 month repeat testing included, one package once a year means you have the most comprehensive health screen available on the market every 6 months.

What's Included

Personalised Doctors Report

When your results are ready you will be notified via email and you will be able to access them in your online dashboard.

Here you will be able to see a breakdown of your results along with trends if you have had previous testing with us. There will also be a detailed doctors report based on your results and if your package includes a doctors consultation to discuss your results then your account manager will then contact you to arrange a date and time that suits you. If you package does not include a doctors consultation and you would like to arrange this then you can do so directly from your dashboard.

If you selected that you would like a personalised results brochure at checkout then we aim to have this delivered to your address within 48 hours of receiving your results from our labs.

Allergy Evaluation

Full Body Biometrics

Weight

Your weight will be measured as part of your biometric data during your consultation.

Height

Your height will be measured as part of your biometric data during your consultation.

BMI

BMI stands for Body Mass Index. It is a numerical value of a person’s weight in relation to their height. BMI is a widely used method to categorize individuals into different weight status categories, such as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity.

Here is a general interpretation of BMI categories:

Underweight: BMI less than 18.5
Normal weight: BMI between 18.5 and 24.9
Overweight: BMI between 25 and 29.9
Obesity: BMI 30 or greater

Body Fat Percentge

Body fat percentage is a measure of the proportion of your body weight that comes from fat. It is often considered a more accurate indicator of fitness and health than BMI because it directly assesses the amount of fat tissue in the body.

Visceral Fat

Visceral fat is the fat that surrounds the internal organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines, as opposed to subcutaneous fat, which is found just beneath the skin. While some level of fat is necessary for normal bodily functions, excessive visceral fat has been associated with an increased risk of various health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.

Muscle Mass Percentage

Muscle mass percentage refers to the proportion of your total body weight that is composed of muscle tissue. It is a component of body composition, which also includes fat mass, bone mass, and other non-living components.

The measurement of muscle mass percentage is often used in health and fitness assessments to evaluate the distribution of muscle and fat in the body. Higher muscle mass percentages are generally associated with greater strength, endurance, and overall fitness. Increasing muscle mass can also have positive effects on metabolism, as muscle tissue tends to burn more calories at rest compared to fat tissue.

Water Mass

The human body is composed of various elements, with water being a major component. The percentage of water in the body can vary based on factors such as age, sex, and overall health. On average, water makes up about 60% of an adult’s body weight.

Maintaining proper hydration is crucial for overall health, as water plays essential roles in various physiological functions, including temperature regulation, digestion, nutrient transport, and waste elimination.

Bone Mass

Bone mass refers to the amount of bone tissue present in the skeletal system. It is a critical component of body composition and is essential for providing structural support, protecting internal organs, and facilitating movement. Bone mass is a dynamic aspect of the body that can change over time due to factors such as growth, aging, and lifestyle.

Bone tissue is constantly undergoing a process called remodeling, where old bone is broken down (resorption), and new bone is formed (formation). This dynamic process helps maintain the strength and integrity of the skeletal system. Peak bone mass is typically reached in early adulthood, and maintaining bone health becomes crucial as individuals age.

Allergy Evaluation

Urinalysis

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment that is formed during the breakdown of red blood cells. It is produced in the liver and is excreted from the body through bile, which is eventually eliminated in the stool. Under normal circumstances, bilirubin is not usually present in significant amounts in the urine.

Elevated levels of urine bilirubin can indicate liver or bile duct issues. This may occur due to various reasons, including:

Liver Diseases: Conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or other liver diseases can lead to impaired bilirubin processing and excretion.
Bile Duct Obstruction: If the bile ducts are blocked or narrowed, bilirubin cannot be properly excreted, leading to increased levels in the blood and, subsequently, in the urine.
Hemolytic Anemia: Increased breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) can also lead to elevated bilirubin levels.

Glucose

Urine glucose refers to the presence of glucose (sugar) in the urine. Normally, the kidneys filter glucose from the blood and reabsorb it, preventing it from being excreted in the urine. Therefore, under normal circumstances, glucose should not be detectable in the urine.

When glucose is consistently found in the urine, it can be an indication of hyperglycemia, a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. Elevated blood glucose levels can occur in diabetes mellitus or other conditions affecting insulin production or utilization.

Here are some possible reasons for the presence of glucose in urine:

Diabetes Mellitus: In diabetes, the body either does not produce enough insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or does not use insulin effectively (Type 2 diabetes). Insulin is essential for glucose uptake by cells. When insulin is deficient or not functioning properly, glucose builds up in the bloodstream and may spill into the urine.
Gestational Diabetes: Some pregnant women may develop gestational diabetes, a temporary form of diabetes during pregnancy, which can lead to elevated blood glucose levels and the presence of glucose in the urine.
Renal Glycosuria: This is a rare condition where the kidneys fail to reabsorb glucose effectively, leading to glucose in the urine even when blood glucose levels are normal.

Ketones

Urine ketones refer to the presence of ketone bodies in the urine. Ketones are substances produced during the breakdown of fat when the body is unable to access enough glucose for energy. This typically occurs during conditions of low carbohydrate availability, such as fasting, prolonged exercise, or in certain medical conditions like diabetes.

Nitrites

Urine nitrite testing is a diagnostic test used to detect the presence of nitrites in the urine. Nitrites are chemical compounds that can be formed in the urine as a result of bacterial action, specifically the reduction of nitrates to nitrites by certain bacteria.

The presence of nitrites in the urine is a potential indicator of a urinary tract infection (UTI), particularly a bacterial infection caused by gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). These bacteria possess enzymes that can convert urinary nitrates, commonly derived from diet or medications, into nitrites.

Urine pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the urine. It is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in the urine. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 considered neutral. Values below 7 indicate acidity, and values above 7 indicate alkalinity.

Normal urine pH ranges from about 4.5 to 8.0, but the average is around 6.0. Various factors can influence urine pH, including diet, medications, and certain medical conditions. Here are some general guidelines:

Acidic Urine (pH < 7.0):
- Often associated with a diet high in protein and low in fruits and vegetables.
- Certain medical conditions, such as metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis, can also result in acidic urine.
Alkaline Urine (pH > 7.0):
- Can be associated with a diet high in fruits and vegetables.
- Certain medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney diseases, or metabolic alkalosis, can result in alkaline urine.

It’s important to note that the normal range for urine pH is quite broad, and variations within this range are generally considered normal. However, extreme pH levels (very acidic or very alkaline) may be indicative of an underlying health issue and may warrant further investigation.

Protein

Urine protein testing is a diagnostic tool used to assess the amount of protein present in a person’s urine. Normally, only small amounts of protein are excreted in the urine. Increased levels of urine protein, known as proteinuria, may indicate underlying health issues.

Proteinuria can be associated with various conditions, and its detection can be an important diagnostic clue. Here are some common reasons for elevated urine protein levels:

Kidney Diseases: Conditions affecting the kidneys, such as glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, or kidney infections, can lead to increased protein in the urine.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): Uncontrolled high blood pressure can contribute to kidney damage and proteinuria.
Diabetes: Diabetes, especially when poorly controlled, can cause damage to the kidneys, resulting in proteinuria.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections affecting the urinary tract, including the kidneys, can lead to temporary proteinuria.
Preeclampsia: A condition that can occur during pregnancy, characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria.
Certain Medications and Toxins: Some medications, toxins, and heavy metals can cause kidney damage and result in proteinuria.

Red Blood Cells

The presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine is known as hematuria. Hematuria can be categorized into two types: microscopic hematuria, which is detected only under a microscope, and gross hematuria, which is visible to the naked eye.

Here are some potential causes and considerations related to the presence of red blood cells in the urine:

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections of the urinary tract, including the bladder or kidneys, can lead to hematuria.
Kidney Stones: The passage of kidney stones through the urinary tract can cause irritation and bleeding, leading to hematuria.
Bladder or Kidney Infections: Infections of the bladder (cystitis) or kidneys (pyelonephritis) can result in hematuria.
Trauma or Injury: Injury to the urinary tract, such as from a fall or accident, can cause bleeding.
Enlarged Prostate: In men, an enlarged prostate can lead to hematuria.
Irritation or Inflammation: Conditions that cause irritation or inflammation of the urinary tract, such as interstitial cystitis, can result in hematuria.
Blood Disorders: Some blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia, can cause hematuria.
Cancers: Both benign and malignant tumors in the urinary tract, including the bladder, kidneys, or prostate, can lead to hematuria.

Urobilinogen

Urobilinogen is a product of bilirubin metabolism in the intestines. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that forms when red blood cells are broken down, and it is processed by the liver before being excreted into the intestines as part of bile. In the intestines, bilirubin undergoes further breakdown by bacteria, leading to the formation of urobilinogen.

Elevated urobilinogen levels might be seen in conditions where there is increased breakdown of red blood cells or altered bilirubin metabolism. Conditions such as liver disease, hemolytic anemia, or certain medications can affect urobilinogen levels.

White Blood Cells

The presence of white blood cells (WBCs) in the urine is known as pyuria. The detection of white blood cells in urine can be an indicator of inflammation or infection in the urinary tract or kidneys. White blood cells play a crucial role in the immune system and are typically not present in significant numbers in the urine under normal conditions.

Here are some common reasons for the presence of white blood cells in the urine:

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections of the urinary tract, such as cystitis (bladder infection) or pyelonephritis (kidney infection), often lead to an increase in white blood cells in the urine.
Kidney Inflammation: Conditions causing inflammation of the kidneys, such as glomerulonephritis, may result in pyuria.
Interstitial Cystitis: A chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bladder wall can cause increased white blood cells in the urine.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea can lead to pyuria.
Kidney Stones: The presence of kidney stones can cause irritation and inflammation, leading to the release of white blood cells into the urine.
Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland in men can result in pyuria.

Heart Tracing (12-lead ECG)

A 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of the heart from multiple angles, using 12 different leads. Each lead provides a unique perspective on the heart’s electrical activity, helping healthcare professionals assess the heart’s rhythm, rate, and various other aspects of cardiac function. It is a common and valuable tool in cardiology for diagnosing a variety of heart conditions.

By recording the electrical activity from these different angles, a 12-lead ECG can provide a comprehensive view of the heart’s depolarization and repolarization patterns, helping to identify abnormal rhythms, conduction abnormalities, and evidence of myocardial ischemia or infarction.

Your ECG will be reviewed by one of our doctors however you will have the option at checkout to have it reviewed by an expert cardiologist for a more comprehensive report.

Allergy Evaluation

Lung Function Testing

FEV1 (Best / Predicted)

FEV1 stands for Forced Expiratory Volume in one second. It is a measurement obtained from pulmonary function tests, which are commonly used to assess lung function. FEV1 represents the volume of air that a person can forcefully exhale in the first second of a forced expiration after taking a deep breath.

Here’s how FEV1 is typically measured and what it indicates:

Measurement Process: During a pulmonary function test, a person is asked to take a deep breath and then exhale as forcefully and quickly as possible into a spirometer, a device that measures the volume and flow of air. The spirometer records the amount of air exhaled in the first second, which is the FEV1.
Interpretation: FEV1 is expressed as a percentage of the predicted or expected value for a person of similar age, sex, height, and race with healthy lungs. The predicted values are determined based on population-based norms. A lower FEV1 percentage may suggest airflow obstruction, which is commonly associated with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other respiratory disorders.

FVC

FVC stands for Forced Vital Capacity. It is a measurement obtained from pulmonary function tests, which are commonly conducted to assess lung function. Forced Vital Capacity represents the maximum volume of air a person can forcefully and completely exhale after taking a deep breath.

Here’s how FVC is typically measured and interpreted:

Measurement Process: During a pulmonary function test, a person is asked to take a deep breath and then exhale as forcefully and quickly as possible into a spirometer, a device that measures the volume and flow of air. The spirometer records the total volume of air exhaled during this forced expiration, which is the Forced Vital Capacity.
Interpretation: FVC is expressed in liters (L) and is often considered alongside other pulmonary function parameters. The measured FVC is compared to the predicted or expected FVC for a person of similar age, sex, height, and race with healthy lungs. The predicted values are determined based on population-based norms.

FVC is a crucial parameter in assessing lung function and is useful for diagnosing and monitoring various respiratory conditions. Monitoring changes in FVC over time can help healthcare professionals evaluate the progression of lung diseases and the response to treatments.

FEV1/FVC (COPD Test)

The FEV1/FVC ratio is a key parameter derived from pulmonary function tests (PFTs) that assess lung function. It represents the ratio of the Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) to the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). These measurements are obtained using a spirometer during a forced expiratory maneuver.

This ratio is crucial for the assessment and classification of lung diseases. The FEV1/FVC ratio is used to distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung disorders:

Normal Ratio: A normal FEV1/FVC ratio is typically around 70-80%, meaning that approximately 70-80% of the FVC should be exhaled in the first second. This ratio remains relatively stable with age in healthy individuals.
Obstructive Lung Diseases: In obstructive lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma, there is a reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio. The airways become narrowed, making it more difficult to exhale air rapidly.
Restrictive Lung Diseases: In restrictive lung diseases, the overall lung capacity is reduced, but the ratio of FEV1 to FVC remains normal or even increased. Conditions such as interstitial lung disease or pulmonary fibrosis fall into this category.

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure is a crucial indicator of cardiovascular health. Persistently high blood pressure, known as hypertension, can strain the heart, damage arteries, and contribute to various health issues, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems. On the other hand, low blood pressure (hypotension) can also pose risks, leading to symptoms like dizziness, fainting, and insufficient blood flow to vital organs.

ABPI

ABPI stands for Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index. It is a non-invasive vascular test that assesses the blood flow in the arteries of the legs and arms. The test is commonly used to diagnose peripheral arterial disease (PAD), a condition where there is a buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries that supply blood to the legs and feet.

Blood Oxygen Saturations

Blood oxygen saturation, often abbreviated as SpO2, refers to the percentage of hemoglobin molecules in the arterial blood that are saturated with oxygen. This measurement provides information about how effectively oxygen is being transported from the lungs to the rest of the body.

A normal blood oxygen saturation level is typically around 95-100%. In certain individuals, a level of 90% or above may still be considered acceptable. Levels below 90% may indicate hypoxemia, a condition characterized by low oxygen levels in the blood, which can lead to inadequate oxygen supply to the body’s tissues and organs.

Full Blood Count

Haemoglobin

Haemoglobin is a critical protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to various tissues and organs in the body and for returning carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, from those tissues back to the lungs for exhalation. Low levels are a common sign of anaemia.

Haematocrit

Haematocrit, measures the proportion of a person’s blood that is composed of red blood cells (erythrocytes) by volume. It is expressed as a percentage.

Hematocrit provides important information about the concentration of red blood cells in the blood and is a valuable part of a full blood count, which assesses the cellular components of the blood.

Red Blood Cells

The red blood cell count (RBC count) is a measure of the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a given volume of blood. It is an important component of a full blood count blood count.

The RBC count is typically expressed as the number of red blood cells per microliter (μL) of blood. The normal range for adults is approximately 4.5 to 6.0 million RBCs per μL of blood. Values outside of this range may indicate an underlying medical condition:

Low RBC Count (Anemia): A lower-than-normal RBC count can be indicative of anemia, a condition in which there are not enough red blood cells to effectively transport oxygen throughout the body. Anemia can be caused by factors such as iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, chronic diseases, or blood loss.
High RBC Count (Polycythemia): An elevated RBC count may be a sign of polycythemia, a condition characterized by an excess of red blood cells in the blood. Polycythemia can result from chronic hypoxia (low oxygen levels), certain genetic mutations, or bone marrow disorders. It can lead to increased blood viscosity and a higher risk of blood clot formation.

Mean Cell Volume

MCV specifically measures the average volume, or size, of a single red blood cell (erythrocyte). It is typically expressed in femtoliters (fL), which is equal to one-trillionth of a liter.

MCV is a valuable component of the full blood count because it provides information about the size of red blood cells. This measurement helps in the classification and diagnosis of different types of anemias and other blood-related conditions. MCV values are classified into three main categories:

Microcytic: If the MCV is lower than the normal range, it suggests that the red blood cells are smaller than usual. This can be indicative of conditions like iron-deficiency anemia or certain types of thalassemia.
Normocytic: When the MCV falls within the normal range, it indicates that the red blood cells are of average size. Some anemias, chronic diseases, and bone marrow disorders can result in normocytic red blood cells.
Macrocytic: An elevated MCV suggests that the red blood cells are larger than normal. This can be seen in conditions such as megaloblastic anemias, which are often caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid.

In summary, Mean Cell Volume (MCV) is a critical parameter in a full blood count that helps healthcare professionals assess the size of red blood cells. It aids in the diagnosis and classification of various types of anemias and provides important information about the underlying causes of these conditions.

Red Cell Distribution

RCD measures the variation in the size of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in a blood sample and is typically expressed as a percentage.

RCD is useful in evaluating the heterogeneity in red blood cell size, which can provide valuable information about certain medical conditions, especially anemias. Specifically, it can help healthcare professionals determine if the red blood cells are more variable in size (anisocytosis) than the typical or if they are relatively uniform in size (isocytosis).

The RCD values are interpreted as follows:

Normal RCD: If RCD falls within the normal range, it suggests that the red blood cells have relatively consistent sizes, which is known as isocytosis.
High RCD: An elevated RCD indicates that there is a significant variation in the sizes of red blood cells, a condition known as anisocytosis. This can be seen in a range of medical conditions, including various types of anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and certain chronic diseases. It can provide important diagnostic information, as different underlying causes of anemias may result in distinct RCD patterns.

Mean Cell Hb

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH) is a standard blood test used to assess the cellular components of the blood. MCH measures the average amount of hemoglobin within an individual red blood cell (erythrocyte). It is typically expressed in picograms (pg), which is equivalent to one-trillionth of a gram.

MCH provides information about the amount of hemoglobin carried by each red blood cell and is helpful in diagnosing and classifying different types of anemias, which are conditions characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or a deficiency in hemoglobin. The MCH value, along with other parameters from the CBC, can help healthcare professionals determine the underlying cause of anemia.

The interpretation of MCH values is as follows:

Normal MCH: A normal MCH value falls within the expected range and indicates that red blood cells have an average amount of hemoglobin. The specific reference range may vary slightly depending on the laboratory.
Low MCH (Hypochromic): An MCH value below the normal range suggests that red blood cells have less hemoglobin than usual. This can be seen in microcytic anemias, where the red blood cells are smaller and paler due to conditions like iron-deficiency anemia.
High MCH (Hyperchromic): An elevated MCH value indicates that red blood cells carry more hemoglobin than average. This can be associated with certain types of macrocytic anemias, which are often caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid.

MCHC

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is a blood test that assesses the cellular components of the blood. MCHC is used to determine the average concentration of hemoglobin within a given volume of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

MCHC is typically expressed as a percentage and provides important information about the density and color of hemoglobin within the red blood cells. This parameter can be useful in diagnosing and classifying various types of anemias and other blood-related conditions.

The interpretation of MCHC values is as follows:

Normal MCHC: A normal MCHC value falls within the expected range, indicating that the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells is typical. The specific reference range may vary slightly depending on the laboratory.
Low MCHC (Hypochromic): A decreased MCHC suggests that the concentration of hemoglobin within red blood cells is lower than normal. This can be seen in hypochromic anemias, such as iron-deficiency anemia, where the red blood cells are pale and contain less hemoglobin.
High MCHC (Hyperchromic): An elevated MCHC value indicates that the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells is higher than average. Hyperchromic conditions are relatively rare and can be associated with certain hereditary disorders or specific laboratory conditions.

Platelets

Platelets are small, colorless blood cells that play a crucial role in the process of blood clotting.

Platelets are involved in several important functions within the circulatory system:

Hemostasis: When a blood vessel is injured, platelets rapidly adhere to the site of the injury and aggregate together to form a plug, helping to stop bleeding. This process is the initial step in preventing excessive blood loss.
Blood Clotting: Platelets release various clotting factors and enzymes, which are essential for the coagulation process. These factors help form a fibrin meshwork that stabilizes the initial platelet plug and forms a more robust blood clot.
Immune Response: Platelets also have immune-related functions, as they can release molecules involved in inflammation and tissue repair.

Abnormal platelet counts can have clinical significance. Low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) can lead to a higher risk of bleeding and bruising, while high platelet counts (thrombocytosis) can potentially result in excessive clot formation.

MPV

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) specifically assesses the average volume or size of platelets in a blood sample.

Platelets are small, colorless blood cells that play a key role in blood clotting and the prevention of excessive bleeding. MPV measures the average size of these platelets. Higher MPV values indicate larger platelets, while lower values suggest smaller platelets.

Interpreting MPV values can provide important insights into various medical conditions:

High MPV: An elevated MPV indicates that the platelets in the blood are larger than usual. This can be seen in various conditions, including some forms of bone marrow disorders and inflammatory diseases. High MPV may suggest that the body is producing platelets more rapidly, possibly due to increased demand for clotting.
Low MPV: A decreased MPV suggests that the platelets are smaller than normal. This can be seen in conditions where platelet production is reduced, such as some types of leukemia, and may also be associated with certain medications or medical treatments.

White Blood Cells

WBC stands for White Blood Cells, which are a group of cells that make up a component of the blood. White blood cells are also known as leukocytes. Unlike red blood cells (which are primarily involved in transporting oxygen), white blood cells play a vital role in the immune system and defending the body against infections and diseases.

White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and are essential for various immune functions, such as:

Infection Defense: White blood cells help the body recognize and fight off infections by attacking and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens.
Inflammation: They play a key role in the inflammatory response, which is part of the body’s natural defense mechanism against injuries and infections.
Immune Surveillance: White blood cells constantly patrol the body, looking for foreign invaders and abnormal cells, including cancer cells.

The total white blood cell count provides important information about a person’s overall health and immune system function. Abnormalities in white blood cell counts can be indicative of various medical conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, leukemia, and more.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell, specifically a subtype of granulocyte, and they are a crucial part of the immune system. They make up a significant portion of the white blood cells in the human body and play a key role in the innate immune response, which is the body’s first line of defense against infections.

Abnormalities in neutrophil levels or function can be indicative of various medical conditions, including infections, inflammatory disorders, and certain blood disorders. Measuring the relative percentage and absolute count of neutrophils as part of a full blood count is a standard practice in diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a fundamental role in the immune system. They are a key component of the adaptive immune response, which is the part of the immune system responsible for recognizing and specifically targeting pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign invaders. Abnormalities in lymphocyte levels or function can have significant clinical implications and may be associated with various immune system disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infections.

Monocytes

Monocytes are part of the immune system’s first-line defense against infections, but their main function is to act as “scouts” that survey the body for signs of trouble and then differentiate into macrophages to help clear and repair affected areas. Abnormalities in monocyte levels or function can be indicative of various medical conditions, including infections, inflammatory disorders, and certain autoimmune diseases.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a significant role in the immune system. They are part of the innate immune response and are particularly involved in the body’s defense against parasitic infections and in certain allergic and inflammatory responses.

Basophils

Basophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that plays a role in the immune system’s response to various challenges, particularly in the context of allergic and inflammatory reactions. Basophils are one of the least common types of white blood cells, making up a very small percentage of the total white blood cell population.

Advanced Thyroid Health

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. TSH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck and produces hormones that control the body’s metabolism.

The primary function of TSH is to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which are thyroid hormones. These hormones, in turn, regulate various physiological processes in the body, including metabolism, energy production, and the functioning of organs and tissues.

Normal Range: The normal reference range for TSH can vary slightly between laboratories, but it generally falls within the range of approximately 0.4 to 4.0 mU/L.
Abnormal Results:
- Elevated TSH: Higher than normal TSH levels may indicate hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), suggesting that the thyroid is not producing enough thyroid hormones.
- Low TSH: Lower than normal TSH levels may suggest hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), indicating excessive production of thyroid hormones.

Free Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Free Tri-iodothyronine (Free T3) is one of the thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating the body’s metabolism and energy production. Like thyroxine (T4), Free T3 contains three iodine atoms per molecule, but it is more biologically active than T4.

Abnormal levels of Free T3 can indicate thyroid dysfunction. Elevated Free T3 may suggest hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), while low levels may be associated with hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). However, interpretation should consider other thyroid function tests, clinical symptoms, and individual health factors.

Free Thyroxine

Free Thyroxine (Free T4) is a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is an important component of thyroid function tests and provides valuable information about the thyroid’s ability to produce and release hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism.

Abnormal levels of Free T4 can indicate thyroid dysfunction. Elevated Free T4 may suggest hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), while low levels may be associated with hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Interpretation should consider other thyroid function tests, clinical symptoms, and individual health factors.

Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody

The Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody (TgAb) blood test is a diagnostic test that measures the presence of antibodies against thyroglobulin in the bloodstream. Thyroglobulin is a protein produced by the thyroid gland and is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3). Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies are antibodies that mistakenly target thyroglobulin, and their presence in the blood can be associated with various thyroid disorders.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies are often elevated in individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This condition is characterized by an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) due to chronic inflammation and damage caused by the immune system.
Graves’ Disease: While less common, elevated levels of Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies can also be found in Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).

Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody

Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (TPOAb) are antibodies that target an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase. The thyroid peroxidase enzyme plays a crucial role in the synthesis of thyroid hormones by assisting in the formation of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The presence of Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in the blood can indicate an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland.

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies are commonly elevated in individuals with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This autoimmune disorder results in chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland and can lead to an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism).
Graves’ Disease: While less common, elevated levels of Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies can also be found in Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder causing an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism).

Cancer Markers

PSA (Prostate Cancer)

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in the digestion of carbohydrates. It specifically breaks down complex carbohydrates, such as starches and glycogen, into simpler sugars like maltose and glucose. This process is part of the digestive system’s effort to convert complex nutrients into forms that can be absorbed and utilized by the body.

Abnormalities in pancreatic amylase levels can be associated with conditions such as acute or chronic pancreatitis, pan

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland, which is a part of the male reproductive system. The PSA test measures the level of this protein in the blood. While PSA is normal to be present in the blood, elevated levels can be an indicator of various prostate conditions, including prostate cancer.

We also offer more advanced cancer screening called Trucheck including prostate specific Trucheck testing. You can add these on to your health check at checkout if you would like to have these additional advanced tests carried out during your appointment.

creatic duct obstruction, or pancreatic cancer. Decreased levels may occur in conditions affecting the pancreas or conditions that result in reduced pancreatic enzyme production.

qFIT (Bowel Cancer)

The qFIT test, or quantitative fecal immunochemical test, is a type of colorectal cancer screening test that detects the presence of blood in the stool. It is a non-invasive test that can be performed at home, and it is used as a part of routine screening programs to identify individuals who may have an increased risk of colorectal cancer or other gastrointestinal conditions.

Key points about the qFIT test include:

Purpose: The primary purpose of the qFIT test is to screen for colorectal cancer and, in some cases, to detect precancerous lesions or other gastrointestinal conditions that may cause bleeding.
Detection of Blood: The qFIT test detects human hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. Blood in the stool can be an indicator of various gastrointestinal conditions, including colorectal cancer, polyps, and inflammatory bowel disease.

H. Pylori (Stomoach Cancer)

Helicobacter pylori, often abbreviated as H. pylori, is a type of bacteria that can infect the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine. It is a common bacterium that can be present in the stomach lining of humans, and while it doesn’t cause problems in everyone, it can lead to various digestive disorders and complications in some individuals.

Role in Diseases: H. pylori is strongly associated with the development of certain gastrointestinal diseases, including:

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Peptic Ulcers: Sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine.
Gastric (Stomach) Cancer: Chronic infection with H. pylori is a significant risk factor for the development of stomach cancer.

Kidney Health

Creatinine

Creatinine levels in the blood can serve as an important indicator of kidney function. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products, including creatinine, from the blood and excreting them in the urine. If the kidneys are not functioning properly, creatinine levels in the blood can rise, indicating a potential problem with kidney function.

A blood test that measures the concentration of creatinine in the blood is often performed to assess kidney function. This test is known as a serum creatinine test. Additionally, creatinine clearance tests, which involve collecting urine samples along with blood samples, may be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), another measure of kidney function.

Abnormal creatinine levels can be associated with various conditions, including kidney disease, dehydration, muscle disorders, and certain medications. Elevated creatinine levels may suggest impaired kidney function, and low levels may indicate reduced muscle mass or other health issues.

eGFR

eGFR stands for estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. It is a measurement used to estimate the filtering capacity of the glomeruli, which are tiny structures within the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood to form urine.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a key indicator of kidney function. A lower GFR can be a sign of kidney disease or dysfunction. The eGFR is often calculated using a formula that takes into account factors such as serum creatinine levels, age, sex, and race. One commonly used formula is the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Another formula is the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, which is considered more accurate, especially in estimating higher GFRs.

Chloride

hloride is an electrolyte, a type of ion that carries an electric charge, and it is one of the essential ions in the body. Along with sodium and potassium, chloride helps maintain the balance of fluids in and out of cells and plays a crucial role in maintaining proper acid-base balance.

The chloride test is useful in assessing and monitoring conditions related to electrolyte balance, kidney function, and acid-base balance. Abnormal chloride levels can be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, kidney diseases, respiratory disorders, and certain metabolic problems.

Normal chloride levels in the blood typically range between 96 and 106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L), but the reference range may vary slightly between different laboratories.

An abnormal chloride level, either too high or too low, may indicate an underlying health issue that requires further investigation. It’s essential to interpret the chloride level in conjunction with other electrolyte levels and clinical information to gain a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s health status.

Potassium

Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including maintaining proper heart and muscle function, nerve conduction, and the balance of fluids in and out of cells.

bnormal potassium levels can have significant effects on the body. A low potassium level (hypokalemia) can result from conditions such as kidney disorders, excessive loss of fluids (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea), certain medications, or inadequate dietary intake. Symptoms of low potassium may include muscle weakness, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats.

On the other hand, a high potassium level (hyperkalemia) can occur due to kidney problems, certain medications, severe injuries, or conditions that lead to cell breakdown. Hyperkalemia can be serious and may cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, palpitations, and, in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias.

Phosphate

Phosphate is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is involved in the formation and maintenance of bones and teeth, energy metabolism, and regulation of acid-base balance.

Abnormal phosphate levels can be associated with various medical conditions. A low phosphate level (hypophosphatemia) may be seen in conditions such as malnutrition, certain types of kidney disorders, vitamin D deficiency, and certain metabolic disorders. Symptoms of low phosphate may include muscle weakness, fatigue, and bone pain.

Conversely, a high phosphate level (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in kidney disorders, hormonal imbalances, and conditions associated with excessive phosphate intake or release from cells. Elevated phosphate levels can have implications for bone health and may contribute to conditions like kidney stones.

Sodium

Sodium is an essential electrolyte that plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of fluids in and around cells, as well as in nerve function and muscle contraction.

Abnormal sodium levels can be indicative of various health conditions. A low sodium level (hyponatremia) can result from conditions such as dehydration, kidney problems, heart failure, or certain hormonal imbalances. Symptoms of hyponatremia may include nausea, headache, confusion, seizures, and, in severe cases, coma.

Conversely, a high sodium level (hypernatremia) can occur due to dehydration, excessive salt intake, certain kidney disorders, or conditions that cause water loss, such as diabetes insipidus. Symptoms of hypernatremia may include increased thirst, dry mucous membranes, and, in severe cases, neurological symptoms.

Urea

An elevated BUN level may indicate impaired kidney function or other conditions that affect the balance between production and excretion of urea. Common causes of elevated BUN include acute or chronic kidney disease, dehydration, heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and certain medications.

A low BUN level is less common but may be seen in liver disease, malnutrition, or conditions associated with decreased protein intake.

It’s important to note that while the BUN test provides information about kidney function, it is not specific to kidney disease. Other tests, such as creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), are often used in conjunction with the BUN test to provide a more comprehensive assessment of kidney function.

Cystatin C

Cystatin C is a protein produced by cells throughout the body, and it is filtered from the blood by the kidneys. Cystatin C is considered a marker of kidney function, and its blood levels can be used as an alternative or complement to traditional markers like creatinine for estimating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is a key indicator of kidney function.

The glomerular filtration rate represents the rate at which the kidneys filter blood to remove waste products. Cystatin C is particularly useful because it is less influenced by factors such as age, sex, muscle mass, and diet compared to creatinine, which can be affected by these factors.

A blood test measuring cystatin C levels can be used in conjunction with other tests to assess kidney function. Elevated levels of cystatin C in the blood may indicate reduced kidney function. This test is often considered in individuals where creatinine-based estimates of GFR may be less accurate, such as in the elderly or those with muscle wasting conditions.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is involved in muscle and nerve function, bone health, energy production, and the regulation of blood pressure.

Abnormal magnesium levels can be associated with various medical conditions. Low magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia) may result from conditions such as malnutrition, gastrointestinal disorders, kidney problems, or certain medications. Symptoms of low magnesium may include muscle cramps, tremors, nausea, and weakness.

Conversely, high magnesium levels (hypermagnesemia) are less common and may be associated with kidney dysfunction or excessive intake of magnesium-containing medications or supplements. Symptoms of high magnesium may include nausea, vomiting, weakness, and, in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias.

Uric Acid

A uric acid blood test measures the concentration of uric acid in your blood. Uric acid is a waste product formed when the body breaks down purines, which are substances found in certain foods and tissues. Normally, uric acid dissolves in the blood and is excreted by the kidneys in urine. However, if the body produces too much uric acid or if the kidneys cannot excrete it properly, uric acid levels can become elevated.

High uric acid levels, a condition known as hyperuricemia, can be associated with several health conditions, including:

Gout: A form of arthritis caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints.
Kidney stones: Uric acid crystals can contribute to the formation of kidney stones.
Kidney disease: Reduced kidney function can lead to decreased excretion of uric acid.
Certain medications and medical conditions.

Low uric acid levels are less common and can be associated with conditions such as liver disease or certain genetic disorders.

Heart Health

Total Cholesterol

Total cholesterol is a measurement that represents the sum of different types of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is essential for building cell membranes, producing hormones, and forming bile acids to aid in digestion. Cholesterol travels through the bloodstream in the form of lipoproteins.

The two main types of lipoproteins that make up total cholesterol are:

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Often referred to as “bad” cholesterol, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells. If too much LDL cholesterol is present in the blood, it can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): Referred to as “good” cholesterol, HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream by transporting it to the liver for processing and elimination. Higher levels of HDL are generally considered beneficial for cardiovascular health.

LDL Cholesterol

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL): Often referred to as “bad” cholesterol, LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells. If too much LDL cholesterol is present in the blood, it can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease.

HDL Cholesterol

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL): Referred to as “good” cholesterol, HDL helps remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream by transporting it to the liver for processing and elimination. Higher levels of HDL are generally considered beneficial for cardiovascular health.

Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio

The Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio is a cardiovascular risk assessment tool that involves dividing the total cholesterol level by the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level. This ratio provides insight into the balance between “bad” cholesterol (LDL) and “good” cholesterol (HDL) in the bloodstream.

Low Ratio: A lower ratio is generally considered better and is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. It suggests a higher proportion of protective HDL cholesterol relative to total cholesterol.
Moderate Ratio: A ratio in the moderate range suggests a moderate risk.
High Ratio: A higher ratio indicates a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, as it suggests a greater proportion of LDL cholesterol relative to HDL cholesterol.

Triglycerides

A triglycerides blood test measures the concentration of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) that circulates in the bloodstream. They are an important source of energy for the body, and excess calories that are not immediately used are converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells.

Elevated triglyceride levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, especially when combined with other risk factors. Lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, regular exercise, and weight management, are often recommended to lower elevated triglyceride levels. In some cases, medications may be prescribed by healthcare providers.

High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) is a blood test that measures the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the bloodstream. CRP is a protein produced by the liver in response to inflammation, and its levels rise in the blood when there is inflammation in the body. The “high-sensitivity” version of the test provides a more precise measurement of CRP levels, especially in the lower range, making it a valuable marker for assessing cardiovascular risk.

The hs-CRP test is used as a marker of systemic inflammation, and elevated levels may indicate increased cardiovascular risk. While low levels of inflammation are a normal part of the body’s response to injury or infection, chronic inflammation is associated with various health conditions, including atherosclerosis (the buildup of plaque in arteries), heart disease, and stroke.

Apolipoprotein A-I

Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) is a protein that is a major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as “good” cholesterol. HDL cholesterol plays a crucial role in the transport of cholesterol in the bloodstream and is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.

Apolipoprotein A-I has several important functions:

Cholesterol Transport: Apo A-I is a key structural component of HDL particles. It helps form and stabilize HDL, which functions in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. This process involves transporting excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver for excretion, reducing the buildup of cholesterol in arterial walls.
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects: Apo A-I has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that contribute to its protective effects on cardiovascular health. It helps inhibit inflammation in blood vessels and protects against oxidative stress.
Reverse Cholesterol Transport: HDL, with the help of apo A-I, picks up excess cholesterol from cells, including those in arterial walls, and carries it back to the liver. This process helps prevent the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, which are deposits of cholesterol and other substances on the inner walls of arteries.

Apolipoprotein B

Apolipoprotein B (apo B) is a protein that plays a crucial role in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health. It is a structural component of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, often referred to as “bad” cholesterol.

Apolipoprotein B has several important functions:

Cholesterol Transport: Apo B is a key component of LDL, which transports cholesterol from the liver to peripheral tissues, including arteries. Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol, along with high levels of apo B, are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Atherosclerosis Risk: Apo B is considered a more direct indicator of atherogenic particles (particles that contribute to the formation of atherosclerosis) than total LDL cholesterol. Each LDL particle contains one molecule of apo B, and higher levels of apo B suggest a higher number of atherogenic particles.
Cardiovascular Risk: Measuring apo B levels can provide additional information about cardiovascular risk beyond traditional lipid panel measurements. Elevated apo B levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Apolipoprotein B / A-I Ratio

The Apolipoprotein B (apo B) / Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) ratio is a cardiovascular risk marker that involves dividing the concentration of apolipoprotein B by the concentration of apolipoprotein A-I. Apo B and apo A-I are proteins associated with different lipoproteins, and the ratio is used to assess the balance between atherogenic (artery-clogging) and anti-atherogenic (protective) lipoproteins in the bloodstream.

Low Ratio: A lower ratio is generally considered more favorable and is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. It suggests a higher proportion of anti-atherogenic (protective) lipoproteins relative to atherogenic (artery-clogging) lipoproteins.
Moderate Ratio: A ratio in the moderate range suggests a moderate risk.
High Ratio: A higher ratio indicates a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, as it suggests a greater proportion of atherogenic lipoproteins relative to protective lipoproteins.

Apolipoprotein CIII

Apolipoprotein C-II (apo C-II) is a protein associated with lipoproteins, specifically chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). Like other apolipoproteins, its role is vital in lipid metabolism, particularly in the transport and utilization of triglycerides.

Key functions of Apolipoprotein C-II include:

Activation of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL): Apo C-II is a cofactor for lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the hydrolysis of triglycerides. The activation of LPL by apo C-II allows the breakdown of triglycerides within chylomicrons and VLDL into free fatty acids and glycerol. These fatty acids can then be used by cells for energy or stored in adipose tissue.
Triglyceride Clearance: Apo C-II facilitates the efficient clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins from the bloodstream. It enables lipoprotein lipase to act on circulating triglycerides, reducing their levels in the blood.
Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism: Apo C-II, along with other apolipoproteins, contributes to the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism, maintaining a balance between the delivery of lipids to tissues and the removal of excess lipids.

A deficiency or dysfunction of apo C-II can lead to impaired triglyceride metabolism, resulting in elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood. Hypertriglyceridemia (high levels of triglycerides) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Apolipoprotein E

Apolipoprotein E (apo E) is a protein involved in the metabolism of lipids (fats) and lipoproteins. It plays a crucial role in the transport and redistribution of cholesterol and other lipids in the body. Apo E is a component of several lipoproteins, including chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), and certain subclasses of high-density lipoproteins (HDL).

Cardiovascular Risk Score

The cardiovascular risk score takes into account several cardiovascular risk factors to calculate an individual’s risk. These risk factors include:

Age: The risk of heart disease generally increases with age.
Gender: Men and women may have different risk profiles.
Total Cholesterol: Higher levels of total cholesterol are associated with increased risk.
HDL Cholesterol: Higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are considered protective.
Blood Pressure: Elevated blood pressure is a risk factor for heart disease.
Smoking Status: Smoking is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Diabetes: Individuals with diabetes are at higher risk for heart disease.

The score assigns points based on these risk factors, and the total points are used to estimate the 10-year risk of having a cardiovascular event, such as a heart attack. The risk is often categorized into low, intermediate, or high risk.

Lipoprotein (a)

Lipoprotein(a), often abbreviated as Lp(a), is a type of lipoprotein particle found in the blood. It is composed of a cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle with an additional protein called apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] attached to it. Lp(a) has structural similarities to LDL, the “bad” cholesterol, but the presence of apo(a) makes it distinct.

Here are key points about Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)):

Composition: Lp(a) is a unique lipoprotein that consists of an LDL-like particle linked to apo(a). Apo(a) has structural similarities to plasminogen, a protein involved in blood clotting. This similarity is thought to contribute to the potential role of Lp(a) in promoting blood clot formation.
Genetic Influence: Lp(a) levels are strongly influenced by genetic factors. Elevated Lp(a) levels tend to run in families, and there is a significant genetic component to its regulation.
Role in Atherosclerosis: Elevated levels of Lp(a) have been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Lp(a) is believed to contribute to atherosclerosis, the buildup of fatty deposits in arterial walls.
Atherothrombosis: Lp(a) has been associated with an increased risk of atherothrombosis, which involves the formation of blood clots within the arteries, potentially leading to heart attacks and strokes.
Measurement: Lp(a) levels can be measured through a blood test. The measurement is typically expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L).
Reference Ranges: The reference range for normal Lp(a) levels can vary among laboratories. Elevated levels are generally considered when Lp(a) concentrations are above a certain threshold.
Treatment: Management of elevated Lp(a) levels may involve lifestyle modifications, including a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and not smoking. While there is no specific medication designed solely to lower Lp(a), certain lipid-lowering medications, such as statins, may have varying effects on Lp(a) levels.

Small LDL Cholesterol

Small dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) cholesterol refers to a subtype of LDL cholesterol particles that are smaller and denser in size compared to the larger, more buoyant LDL particles. These particles are often referred to as “small dense LDL” or “sdLDL.”

When we talk about LDL cholesterol, it’s important to note that LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is a type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and other fats from the liver to cells throughout the body. While LDL is often labeled as “bad” cholesterol because elevated levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, it’s the particle size and density that add another layer of complexity.

Liver Health

Alkaline Phosphatase

Alkaline Phosphatase helps assess the health of the liver and bones. Elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase in the blood may indicate liver disease, bone disorders, or conditions affecting the biliary system (bile ducts).

Liver Conditions Associated with Elevated ALP:

Liver Diseases: Hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other liver diseases can lead to increased levels of alkaline phosphatase.
Biliary Obstruction: Blockage of the bile ducts, whether due to gallstones, tumors, or other causes, can result in elevated ALP.

Alkaline Phosphatase

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the metabolism of amino acids. It is primarily found in the liver, but smaller amounts are also present in the kidneys, heart, muscles, and other tissues. ALT is released into the bloodstream when there is damage to liver cells.

Liver Conditions Associated with Elevated ALT:

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often due to viral infections (e.g., hepatitis B or C).
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): Accumulation of fat in the liver.
Alcoholic Liver Disease: Liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Cirrhosis: Advanced scarring of the liver tissue.

Gamma-glutamyl Transferase

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in various tissues, with the highest concentrations in the liver. GGT plays a role in the metabolism of glutathione, which is an antioxidant involved in the detoxification of certain substances in the body.

Liver Conditions Associated with Elevated GGT:

Biliary Obstruction: Blockage of the bile ducts can lead to increased GGT levels. This blockage may be due to gallstones, tumors, or other causes.

Liver Diseases: Various liver conditions, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty liver disease, may contribute to elevated GGT levels.

Alcohol Consumption: Elevated GGT levels are often observed in individuals who consume excessive amounts of alcohol. GGT is considered a sensitive marker for alcohol-related liver damage.

Other Conditions: Elevated GGT levels may also be associated with conditions outside the liver, such as pancreatic disorders, heart failure, and kidney disease.

Aspartate Transferase

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), also known as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is an enzyme that plays a role in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in various tissues throughout the body, with higher concentrations in the liver, heart, muscles, and kidneys.

Liver Conditions Associated with Elevated AST:

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often due to viral infections (e.g., hepatitis B or C).
Cirrhosis: Scarring of the liver tissue.
Alcoholic Liver Disease: Liver damage caused by excessive alcohol consumption.
Liver Tumors: Presence of tumors in the liver.

Total Bilirubin

Total bilirubin is a compound produced by the breakdown of red blood cells in the body. It is a yellowish pigment and is excreted from the liver into the bile, which then enters the digestive tract. Bilirubin is responsible for the yellow color of bruises and the brown color of feces.

Elevated levels of total bilirubin may indicate various conditions, including liver diseases, hemolytic disorders (conditions where red blood cells are destroyed at an accelerated rate), or biliary obstruction (blockage of the bile ducts)

Albumin

Albumin is a protein produced by the liver and is one of the most abundant proteins in the blood plasma. It serves several important functions in the body, contributing to overall health and homeostasis. Abnormal albumin levels may be associated with various conditions, including liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, inflammation, and certain chronic illnesses. Low levels of albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can indicate impaired liver function or nutritional deficiencies.

Diabetes Health

Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary source of energy for the body’s cells. It is a crucial component in the metabolic processes that provide energy for various physiological functions.

Monitoring blood glucose levels is particularly important for individuals with diabetes. Proper management of blood glucose helps prevent complications and promotes overall health.

HbA1c

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a blood test that measures the average level of blood glucose over the past 2 to 3 months. It is an important marker used in the management and diagnosis of diabetes. Here are key points about HbA1c:

Glycated Hemoglobin: HbA1c is formed when glucose in the bloodstream binds to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. This process is called glycation.
Long-Term Glucose Control: Unlike other blood glucose tests that provide a snapshot of current levels, HbA1c reflects average blood glucose concentrations over an extended period. This makes it a valuable indicator of long-term glucose control.
Monitoring Diabetes: HbA1c is commonly used to monitor and manage diabetes. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends regular HbA1c testing for individuals with diabetes to assess how well their blood sugar levels have been controlled over time.

Regular monitoring of HbA1c is a crucial aspect of diabetes management. It provides valuable information to healthcare providers and individuals with diabetes to make informed decisions about treatment and lifestyle modifications.

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It plays a central role in regulating blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, allowing them to use it for energy or store it for future use.

In diabetes mellitus, there is either insufficient insulin production or the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin (insulin resistance). This results in elevated blood glucose levels.

Type 1 Diabetes: In this autoimmune condition, the immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a lack of insulin. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections for survival.
Type 2 Diabetes: In this condition, the body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, and insulin production may decrease over time. Management may involve lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and, in some cases, insulin therapy.

C-Peptide

C-peptide, or connecting peptide, is a short chain of amino acids that is released when proinsulin (a precursor to insulin) is cleaved during the production of insulin in the pancreas. Both insulin and C-peptide are initially synthesized as a single molecule (proinsulin), and then proinsulin is cleaved into insulin and C-peptide.

Type 1 Diabetes: In individuals with type 1 diabetes, where there is little to no endogenous insulin production, C-peptide levels are typically low. This helps differentiate type 1 diabetes from type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes: In type 2 diabetes, C-peptide levels can vary. Some individuals may have normal or elevated C-peptide levels, indicating ongoing insulin production, while others may have reduced levels, especially in advanced stages of the disease.

Bone Health

Alkaline Phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, with higher concentrations in the liver, bones, kidneys, and intestines. It plays a role in several physiological processes, including the regulation of bone mineralization and the metabolism of nucleotides.

Calcium (adjusted)

Adjusted calcium is a calculation used to estimate the corrected level of calcium in the blood, taking into account the influence of albumin, a protein that binds calcium.

The rationale behind this adjustment is that only the ionized (free) calcium is physiologically active, and changes in the levels of albumin (which binds to calcium) can affect the total calcium concentration. The adjustment is particularly relevant when interpreting calcium levels in the context of hypoalbuminemia (low albumin levels) or hyperalbuminemia (high albumin levels).

Here’s a brief explanation of the terms:

Total Calcium: This is the measurement of the total amount of calcium in the blood, including both ionized and bound forms.
Albumin: Albumin is a protein in the blood that binds to calcium. Changes in albumin levels can affect the total calcium concentration.
Adjusted Calcium: This is the calculated value that provides an estimate of the corrected calcium level, compensating for changes in albumin levels.

Phosphate

Phosphate, or phosphorus, is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and phospholipids. Phosphate is also involved in bone and teeth formation, acid-base balance, and energy metabolism.

In the context of blood tests, phosphate levels are often measured to assess the mineral’s concentration in the bloodstream.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is essential for maintaining proper bone health, as it helps the body absorb calcium from the intestines. Vitamin D also plays a role in immune function, cell growth, inflammation regulation, and neuromuscular function.

Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a hormone produced and released by the parathyroid glands, four small pea-sized glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, which are essential for maintaining proper bone health and overall mineral balance.

Here are key functions and actions of parathyroid hormone:

Calcium Regulation: The primary role of PTH is to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood. It does so by acting on the bones, kidneys, and intestines.
- Bone: PTH stimulates the release of calcium from the bones into the bloodstream. This process is called bone resorption.
- Kidneys: PTH enhances the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, reducing its excretion in urine.
- Intestines: PTH indirectly increases calcium absorption in the intestines by promoting the formation of active vitamin D, which, in turn, facilitates calcium absorption.
Phosphate Regulation: While PTH increases calcium levels, it decreases phosphate levels in the blood. PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion in urine.
Vitamin D Activation: PTH stimulates the conversion of inactive vitamin D (produced in the skin or obtained from the diet) into its active form (calcitriol) in the kidneys. Active vitamin D enhances calcium absorption in the intestines.
Feedback Mechanism: PTH secretion is tightly regulated by negative feedback. When calcium levels in the blood are low, the parathyroid glands release PTH to increase calcium levels. Conversely, when calcium levels are elevated, PTH secretion decreases.

Disorders related to parathyroid hormone can have significant effects on calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Conditions include:

Hyperparathyroidism: Excessive secretion of PTH, leading to increased calcium levels in the blood. Primary hyperparathyroidism is often caused by a benign tumor on one of the parathyroid glands.
Hypoparathyroidism: Insufficient secretion of PTH, resulting in low calcium levels in the blood. This can occur after surgery to the parathyroid glands or due to other medical conditions.

Male Hormone Health

Testosterone

Testosterone is a hormone that belongs to the class of androgens and is primarily produced in the testes in males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries in females. It plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. In both males and females, testosterone also has important effects on various physiological processes beyond reproduction.

Key functions of testosterone include:

Development of Male Reproductive Organs: Testosterone is essential for the development of the male reproductive organs, including the testes and the prostate.
Sperm Production: Testosterone stimulates the production of sperm (spermatogenesis) in the testes.
Development of Secondary Sexual Characteristics: During puberty, increased levels of testosterone contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males, such as facial and body hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.
Bone Density: Testosterone plays a role in maintaining bone density. Low testosterone levels can contribute to bone loss and an increased risk of fractures.
Muscle Mass and Strength: Testosterone is associated with the development and maintenance of muscle mass and strength.
Libido (Sex Drive): Testosterone influences sexual desire and libido in both men and women.
Mood and Energy: Testosterone can affect mood, energy levels, and overall well-being.

Abnormal testosterone levels can have various causes, including hormonal imbalances, certain medical conditions, medications, and aging. Low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) in males can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, reduced muscle mass, decreased libido, and mood changes. Elevated testosterone levels in females may be associated with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein produced primarily by the liver and circulates in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol (a form of estrogen). SHBG binds to these hormones, influencing their availability and activity in the body. Understanding the balance between total and free hormone levels, as influenced by SHBG, is essential for assessing hormonal status and guiding appropriate interventions if needed. Interpretation of SHBG levels should be done in conjunction with other hormone measurements and clinical symptoms.

Free Androgen Index

The Free Androgen Index (FAI) is a calculated value that provides an estimate of the amount of free (unbound) testosterone in the blood, relative to the total testosterone concentration. It is often used as a simplified method to assess the bioavailability of testosterone, which is the portion of testosterone that is not bound to proteins in the blood, such as Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) or albumin.

Muscle & Joint Health

Uric Acid

Uric acid is a waste product that results from the breakdown of purines, compounds found in certain foods and cells. The body usually excretes uric acid through the kidneys. Abnormalities in uric acid levels can lead to health issues, most notably gout, a type of arthritis.

High levels of uric acid, known as hyperuricemia, can result from various factors, including:

Diet: Consumption of foods rich in purines, such as organ meats, red meat, shellfish, and certain types of alcohol, can contribute to elevated uric acid levels.
Genetics: Some people may have a genetic predisposition to elevated uric acid levels.
Medical Conditions: Conditions such as gout, kidney disease, and certain types of cancers can lead to increased uric acid production or decreased excretion.
Medications: Certain medications, such as diuretics, can impact uric acid levels.

Low levels of uric acid are less common and may be associated with conditions like Wilson’s disease, a rare genetic disorder that affects copper metabolism.

Creatinine Kinase

Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), is an enzyme found in various tissues of the body, with the highest concentrations in muscles, the heart, and the brain. It plays a crucial role in energy metabolism, particularly in the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine, which helps provide energy for muscle contraction.

When muscle or heart tissue is damaged or injured, creatine kinase is released into the bloodstream, leading to an increase in blood levels of CK. Therefore, measuring CK levels in the blood can serve as a marker of muscle or heart damage.

A blood test for creatine kinase is often ordered in the following situations:

Assessment of Muscle Damage: Elevated CK levels may indicate muscle damage, which can occur due to injuries, muscle diseases, or strenuous exercise.
Diagnosis of Heart Attack: CK-MB isoenzyme is particularly important in assessing heart muscle damage, and elevated levels may indicate a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Monitoring Certain Medications: Some medications, such as statins used to lower cholesterol, can occasionally cause muscle damage, leading to an increase in CK levels.

Rheumatoid Factor

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody, which means it is an antibody that targets the body’s own tissues. In the case of rheumatoid factor, it specifically targets the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG), a type of antibody. RF is associated with several autoimmune diseases, most notably rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Key points about rheumatoid factor include:

Association with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): RF is commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints. In RA, the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (lining of the membranes that surround the joints), leading to inflammation, joint damage, and pain.
Other Conditions: While RF is strongly associated with RA, it can also be found in some individuals without RA and in people with other autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, such as Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and other connective tissue diseases.

Infection & Inflammation

hs-CRP

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver in response to inflammation. It is a marker of acute-phase inflammation and is often used as a non-specific indicator of inflammation in the body. CRP levels can rise rapidly in response to various inflammatory conditions, such as infection, injury, or chronic inflammatory diseases.

Clinical Use:

Infection and Inflammation: CRP levels rise in response to infections, injuries, and various inflammatory conditions.
Cardiovascular Risk: Elevated CRP levels have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes. However, CRP is considered a marker rather than a direct cause of cardiovascular disease.
Monitoring Inflammatory Diseases: CRP levels are often monitored in individuals with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease.

Albumin

Albumin, primarily known for its role in maintaining osmotic pressure and transporting various substances in the blood, also plays a role in supporting the immune system. While albumin itself is not an immune system cell or antibody, it contributes to immune function in several ways:

Transport of Immune Molecules: Albumin serves as a carrier protein, transporting various molecules in the blood, including antibodies, hormones, and other immune system components. This transport function helps distribute these molecules throughout the body, facilitating their roles in immune responses.
Binding and Transport of Trace Elements: Albumin binds and transports essential trace elements such as zinc and selenium. These elements are crucial for the proper functioning of immune cells and various immune processes.

Complement Component 3

Complement component 3 (C3) is a key protein in the complement system, which is part of the immune system. The complement system consists of a group of proteins that play a critical role in the body’s defense against infections and in the regulation of the immune response.

Complement Component 4

Complement component 4 (C4) is another important protein in the complement system, a part of the immune system that plays a crucial role in defending the body against infections and regulating immune responses. The complement system consists of a series of proteins that work together in a cascade to enhance the immune response.

Ferritin

Ferritin is a protein that plays a central role in iron storage and regulation in the body. While its primary function is related to iron metabolism, ferritin also has interactions with the immune system, and its levels can be influenced by inflammatory and infectious processes.

Immunoglobulin A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a class of antibodies that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s defense against infections. IgA is the most abundant immunoglobulin class at mucosal surfaces and is particularly important in protecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Immunoglobulin G

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant class of antibodies in the bloodstream, accounting for about 75-80% of the total immunoglobulin pool in the human body. IgG plays a crucial role in the adaptive immune system, contributing to defense against infections and providing long-term immunity.

Immunoglobulin M

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a class of antibodies that plays a key role in the early stages of the immune response. It is the first antibody produced during the primary immune response to an infection and is particularly effective at neutralizing pathogens in the bloodstream.

Anti-streptolysin O

Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) is an antibody produced by the immune system in response to infection with certain strains of Group A Streptococcus bacteria. The ASO test measures the levels of these antibodies in the blood and is used as an indicator of a recent or past streptococcal infection.

Pancreatic Health

Pancreatic Amylase

Abnormalities in pancreatic amylase levels can be associated with conditions such as acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic duct obstruction, or pancreatic cancer. Decreased levels may occur in conditions affecting the pancreas or conditions that result in reduced pancreatic enzyme production.

Lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of fats in the digestive system. It catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of dietary triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the intestines and utilized by the body.

Lipase levels can be measured in blood tests to assess pancreatic function. Elevated lipase levels may be indicative of pancreatic inflammation (pancreatitis) or other pancreatic disorders.

Lipase levels may be measured alongside amylase levels to diagnose and monitor conditions such as acute or chronic pancreatitis. Lipase is generally a more specific marker for pancreatic disorders compared to amylase.

Allergy Evaluation

Immunoglobulin E

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody, which is a protein produced by the immune system to help defend the body against harmful substances. IgE antibodies are specifically associated with the immune response to allergens. Here are some key points about Immunoglobulin E:

Allergic Reactions: IgE antibodies are primarily involved in allergic reactions. When the immune system identifies an allergen, such as pollen, pet dander, or certain foods, it produces IgE antibodies in response.
Mast Cells and Basophils: IgE antibodies attach to specific receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils, which are types of immune cells found in various tissues. These cells play a key role in the allergic response.
Release of Chemicals: Upon subsequent exposure to the same allergen, IgE antibodies on the surface of mast cells and basophils trigger the release of various chemicals, including histamine. These chemicals are responsible for the symptoms of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, sneezing, and other allergy-related symptoms.
Immediate Hypersensitivity: The type of immune response mediated by IgE is often referred to as immediate hypersensitivity. It occurs rapidly after exposure to an allergen and is characteristic of conditions like allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, and allergic dermatitis.
Diagnostic Testing: Measuring IgE levels in the blood is sometimes done as part of allergy testing. Elevated levels of IgE can suggest an allergic response, although the specific allergen may need to be identified through other testing methods.

Understanding the role of IgE in the immune system is crucial for managing and treating allergic conditions. Allergy testing and immunotherapy may be recommended for individuals with significant IgE-mediated allergies to identify specific triggers and develop strategies for symptom control.

Nutrition Health

Calcium (Adjusted)

Adjusted calcium refers to a corrected or normalized measure of calcium levels in the blood, taking into account the influence of serum albumin, a protein that binds to calcium. The total calcium level in the blood consists of both bound (to proteins like albumin) and free (ionized) calcium. Since albumin levels can vary, especially in certain medical conditions, adjusting the calcium level helps account for these variations.

Albumin

Blood albumin is a protein found in the blood and is one of the most abundant proteins in the human body. It is produced by the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining various physiological functions.

Low levels of albumin in the blood can be indicative of various health conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, malnutrition, or inflammation. Monitoring albumin levels is a common part of routine blood tests and can provide important information about a person’s overall health and nutritional status.

Iron

Blood iron levels refer to the concentration of iron in the bloodstream. Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body, including the formation of haemoglobin, which is necessary for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

Abnormal iron levels can indicate different conditions:

Iron Deficiency: Low serum iron, low transferrin saturation, and low ferritin levels may suggest iron deficiency anemia, a condition characterized by insufficient iron for the production of hemoglobin.
Iron Overload: Elevated serum iron, high transferrin saturation, and high ferritin levels may indicate iron overload, which can be associated with conditions such as hemochromatosis or excessive iron supplementation.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the human body. There are two primary forms of vitamin D: vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D2 is primarily obtained from plant sources, while vitamin D3 is synthesized in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) sunlight and is also found in animal-based food sources.

Key functions of vitamin D include:

Calcium and Phosphorus Regulation: Vitamin D helps regulate the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines, which is essential for maintaining strong and healthy bones and teeth.
Bone Health: Adequate levels of vitamin D are crucial for bone health and the prevention of conditions such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin D works in conjunction with calcium to support bone mineralization.
Immune Function: Vitamin D plays a role in modulating the immune system, and there is evidence suggesting its involvement in immune response and defense against infections.
Cell Growth and Differentiation: Vitamin D is involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Muscle Function: There is emerging research suggesting that vitamin D may play a role in muscle function and may have implications for muscle strength and coordination.

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to various health problems, including weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and compromised immune function.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in various physiological processes within the body. It is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, contributing to the proper functioning of muscles, nerves, and other biological processes.

Maintaining the right balance of magnesium is important for overall health. Magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemia) or excess (hypermagnesemia) can lead to various health issues. Symptoms of magnesium deficiency may include muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, and abnormal heart rhythms. On the other hand, excessive magnesium intake, often due to overuse of magnesium-containing medications or supplements, can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, and, in severe cases, respiratory and cardiac arrest.

Common causes of magnesium deficiency include inadequate dietary intake, certain medical conditions that affect magnesium absorption, and medications that can lead to magnesium loss (e.g., diuretics).

Dietary sources of magnesium include:

Leafy green vegetables: Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard
Nuts and seeds: Almonds, sunflower seeds, and pumpkin seeds
Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, and whole wheat
Legumes: Beans, lentils, and chickpeas
Fish: Mackerel, salmon, and halibut

Folic Acid

Folic acid is a synthetic form of the water-soluble B-vitamin folate. Folate is crucial for various biological functions, including DNA synthesis, repair, and cell division. Both folate and folic acid are forms of vitamin B9, and they are essential for normal growth, development, and overall health.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is essential for the formation of red blood cells, neurological function, and the synthesis of DNA.

Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur for various reasons, including inadequate dietary intake (common in strict vegetarians and vegans), impaired absorption (as in pernicious anemia or certain gastrointestinal disorders), or insufficient production of intrinsic factor.

Total Antioxidant Status

Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) is a measure of the overall antioxidant capacity of a biological sample, such as blood serum or plasma. Antioxidants are compounds that help neutralize or counteract the damaging effects of free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can cause cellular damage and contribute to various health conditions, including inflammation and chronic diseases.

TAS is assessed through laboratory tests that measure the ability of a sample to neutralize free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Various methods exist to determine TAS, and the results are often expressed as an antioxidant capacity or an equivalent concentration of a reference antioxidant, such as Trolox.

Digestive Health

H. Pylori

H. pylori is strongly associated with the development of certain gastrointestinal diseases, including:

Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
Peptic Ulcers: Sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine.
Gastric (Stomach) Cancer: Chronic infection with H. pylori is a significant risk factor for the development of stomach cancer.

Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase Antibodies (Coeliac Disease)

Anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies are antibodies that the immune system produces in response to the presence of tissue transglutaminase. These antibodies are particularly relevant in the context of celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder characterized by an abnormal immune response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.

Diagnostic Marker for Celiac Disease: Anti-tTG antibodies are commonly used as a diagnostic marker for celiac disease. Elevated levels of anti-tTG antibodies in the blood suggest an immune reaction to gluten and are indicative of celiac disease.

Iron Status

Ferritin

Ferritin is a protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled manner when needed by the body. Measuring ferritin levels in the blood provides valuable information about the body’s iron stores. Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells and the transport of oxygen.

Iron

Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells, oxygen transport, and energy production.

Interpretation of these markers requires consideration of the entire iron panel, as individual results provide different information about iron metabolism. Abnormalities in blood iron levels can indicate various conditions, including:

Iron Deficiency: Low serum iron, low transferrin saturation, and low ferritin levels may suggest iron deficiency anemia.
Iron Overload: Elevated serum iron and transferrin saturation, along with high ferritin levels, may indicate iron overload conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis.

TIBC

TIBC stands for Total Iron-Binding Capacity. It is a blood test that measures the total amount of iron that could be bound by proteins in the blood, primarily transferrin. Transferrin is a protein that transports iron through the bloodstream and delivers it to cells and tissues as needed.

The TIBC test provides information about the body’s ability to bind and transport iron. It is often performed as part of a comprehensive iron panel, which may include other markers such as serum iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin.

Interpretation of TIBC results is often done in conjunction with other markers in the iron panel:

Low TIBC: A low TIBC may be associated with conditions such as iron overload or hemochromatosis. However, TIBC is not typically used in isolation for diagnosis.
High TIBC: An elevated TIBC is often seen in cases of iron deficiency. When iron levels are low, the body increases its production of transferrin to try to capture more iron.

Transferrin

Transferrin is a glycoprotein (a protein with attached sugar molecules) that plays a crucial role in transporting iron through the bloodstream. Its primary function is to bind and transport iron from areas of the body where iron is absorbed or stored to sites where it is needed for various physiological processes.

Abnormalities in transferrin levels or transferrin saturation can indicate underlying health conditions, such as iron deficiency anemia, hereditary hemochromatosis (iron overload disorder), or chronic inflammatory conditions.

Transferrin Saturation

Transferrin saturation is a calculation that represents the percentage of transferrin binding sites that are occupied by iron in the blood. It is used to assess the efficiency of iron transport in the body.

By calculating the percentage of transferrin binding sites that are filled with iron, transferrin saturation provides valuable information about the body’s iron status. Normal transferrin saturation levels are typically around 20-50%, though reference ranges can vary between laboratories.

Interpretation of transferrin saturation results includes the following considerations:

Low Transferrin Saturation: A low transferrin saturation may indicate iron deficiency, where there is insufficient iron available to saturate the binding sites on transferrin. This could be seen in conditions such as iron deficiency anemia.
Normal Transferrin Saturation: Normal levels suggest that the body is effectively transporting and utilizing iron.
High Transferrin Saturation: Elevated transferrin saturation may be associated with conditions of iron overload, such as hereditary hemochromatosis. In these cases, excess iron is present in the bloodstream and saturates transferrin binding sites.

Transferrin saturation is often measured as part of a comprehensive iron panel, which may include other markers like serum iron, TIBC, and ferritin. These tests collectively provide information about various aspects of iron metabolism and help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage conditions related to iron deficiency or excess.

Metabolic Syndrome

Leptin

Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells and plays a key role in regulating energy balance and body weight. It is often referred to as the “satiety hormone” or “fat hormone” because its primary function is to signal to the brain when the body has stored enough fat and energy, influencing feelings of hunger and fullness.

Key aspects of leptin include:

Appetite Regulation: Leptin acts on the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that plays a central role in regulating appetite and energy expenditure. When fat cells release leptin into the bloodstream, it travels to the brain and signals that the body has sufficient energy stores. In response, the brain decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure.
Metabolism: Leptin also influences metabolism by promoting the breakdown of stored fat for energy and by increasing energy expenditure through activities like thermogenesis (heat production).
Reproductive Function: Leptin is involved in the regulation of reproductive function. Low levels of leptin, often associated with low body fat, can disrupt reproductive hormones and lead to irregular menstrual cycles and infertility.
Inflammation: Leptin has been implicated in the regulation of the immune system and inflammation. Elevated levels of leptin are sometimes observed in conditions associated with chronic inflammation.

Leptin resistance is a condition in which the body’s cells become less responsive to the effects of leptin. This resistance can lead to an imbalance in appetite regulation and energy expenditure, potentially contributing to weight gain and obesity. Leptin resistance is often associated with obesity, and it’s thought to be influenced by various factors, including genetics, diet, and inflammation.

Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a hormone secreted by adipose (fat) tissue and plays a significant role in various physiological processes, including metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It is considered an adipokine, a type of protein hormone produced by adipose tissue. Adiponectin has several important functions in the body:

Insulin Sensitivity: One of the primary functions of adiponectin is to enhance insulin sensitivity. Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells. Adiponectin improves the body’s response to insulin, which is crucial for maintaining proper blood sugar levels and preventing insulin resistance, a condition associated with type 2 diabetes.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Adiponectin has anti-inflammatory properties. It helps suppress the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, reducing inflammation in various tissues. Chronic inflammation is linked to the development of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases.
Regulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism: Adiponectin influences the metabolism of fatty acids, promoting the breakdown of fats (lipolysis) and inhibiting the production of new fatty acids. This helps regulate lipid levels in the blood and prevents the accumulation of excess fat in tissues.
Cardiovascular Protection: Adiponectin has been associated with cardiovascular health. Higher levels of adiponectin are generally linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis.

Interestingly, the levels of adiponectin are often inversely correlated with the amount of body fat; that is, higher levels are often found in individuals with lower levels of body fat. This is in contrast to other adipokines that are often overproduced in obesity and contribute to insulin resistance.

Low levels of adiponectin are associated with conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Strategies to increase adiponectin levels, such as regular physical activity, weight loss, and certain medications, may be beneficial in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the risk of metabolic disorders.

Resistin

Resistin is another adipokine, a type of protein hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue. It was initially identified in mice, where it was found to be associated with insulin resistance. Resistin is also found in humans, and its name reflects its initial association with insulin resistance.

Key aspects of resistin include:

Insulin Resistance: Resistin was initially characterized based on its potential role in insulin resistance, a condition where cells in the body become less responsive to the effects of insulin. Insulin resistance is a key factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Resistin may interfere with the action of insulin in certain tissues, contributing to insulin resistance.
Inflammation: Resistin has pro-inflammatory properties. Elevated levels of resistin have been associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which is implicated in the development of various metabolic disorders, including obesity and cardiovascular diseases.
Metabolism: Resistin may also have effects on lipid metabolism and may influence the balance between fat storage and fat breakdown.

While resistin has been studied for its potential roles in insulin resistance and inflammation, the understanding of its precise mechanisms and functions is still an area of active research. It’s worth noting that the relationship between resistin and insulin resistance is complex, and the exact impact of resistin on insulin sensitivity may vary in different tissues and under different conditions.

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You will then be contacted by our specialist onboarding team who will guide you through the whole process. You will then be greeted by our doctors at your appointment who will ensure a comfortable, pain-free experience.

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Receive your results through your dashboard or via post along with a comprehensive doctors report. Depending on your package you will then discuss your results with expert doctors and nutritionists.

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Common questions

Can I get these tests free on the NHS?

Put simply, no. The NHS doesn’t offer tests like ours unless you display symptoms and therefore is not preventative. The NHS does have a screening programme in place to screen for certain illnesses such as their breast screening programme in people of certain ages. However, the NHS does not offer preventative health checks as comprehensive as ours that you can have as a preventative measure. We also have advanced diagnostic technologies that are simply unavailable on the NHS such as Trucheck cancer screening and genetic testing amongst many other advanced diagnostic technologies.

Who will my appointment be with ?

Unlike most other health check providers where you will be seen by healthcare practitioner like a phlebotomist our health checks are carried out by fully GMC registered doctors meaning you will be able to have in depth medical discussions about your health during your appointment and we will also personalise your health check based on the information you have provided us.

What happens if my results show a serious problem ?

If you have any serious issues that are discovered during your health check such as an abnormal ECG tracing then we would advise you straight away to attend the A&E department for emergency care with a letter from our clinical team. If there are any critical results discovered by our laboratory who analyse your blood samples we will contact you immediately, so you won’t need to wait for your full results report to arrive to take appropriate action. If your results come back as non critical but abnormal then our doctors reports will explain in detail what the next steps should be in your results report. You also have the option to discuss your results in detail with our doctors either face to face in clinic or via video conferencing. You also have this option with any of our home blood tests and it can be arranged in your dashboard once your results are ready or by contacting us directly.

How do I receive my results ?

When your results are ready you will be notified via email and you will be able to access them in your online dashboard.

Do I need to fast before my appointment ?

Some of our health checks require you to fast for 6 hours prior to your appointment. As soon as you book your appointment one of our account managers will contct you within 24 hours to explain everything you need to do prior to your appointment as well as go over any questions or concerns that you might have.

Do I have to get undressed during my appointment ?

No, our health checks are all non-invasive, and most just require a couple of small blood samples and a few key body measurements which may also include a urine sample. If your package includes a body composition scan, you will be asked to take off your shoes and socks. If your package includes a 12 – lead ECG heart tracing then we will need to be able to apply ECG stickers across your chest so it is advisable to wear loose clothing for this. Full preparation instructions will be provided to your from one of our account managers when you book your appointment.

Who processes my results ?

Your blood samples and other readings will be analysed by one of the leading laboratories in the UK which we have established partnerships with who are fully UKAS accredited. Once they have analysed your samples and readings, your test results are sent securely to our in-house clinical team who will then create a detailed reports which will be uploaded on to your dashboard or sent to your address in a personalised results brochure.

How long will my appointment last ?

The duration of your appointment will vary depending on the package you have selected however they generally last around 30-45 minutes. This may vary depending on discussion with our doctors and whether any further information is required. We try our best to ensure you have plenty of time to discuss any concerns you have in detail during your appointment.

I need to cancel / reschedule my appointment; how do I do this ?

If you find that you can no longer make your appointment date, or in the unlikely event that you’re not entirely satisfied before your assessment takes place (even on the day when you arrive at your clinic), please call one of our advisors on 0800 098 295 or email support@wordpress-1157522-4121942.cloudwaysapps.com You can either cancel your appointment and have a refund, or we will happily rearrange your appointment date or time subject to current availability.

How trustworthy is Neuwell ?

All health assessments are performed by a Fully GMC Registered Doctors with your samples analysed by a UKAS (UK Accreditation Service) laboratory in the UK. The UKAS provides accreditation to the internationally recognised ISO 15189 Medical Laboratories: Requirements for Quality and Competence standard. Results are subjected to strict internal and external quality control. We are also Cyber Essentials Certified and we are registered with the Information Commisioners Office so you can be assured that your data is also in safe hands. You can read more about how we process your data on our privacy policy

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